Publications

Cite gprMax

If you use gprMax in published work, please cite the principal reference [1]. It describes gprMax as of version 3; version 4 extends considerably beyond it, so please also cite the references for any specific capabilities you have used:

  1. Warren, C., Giannopoulos, A., & Giannakis, I. (2016). gprMax: Open source software to simulate electromagnetic wave propagation for Ground Penetrating Radar, Computer Physics Communications, 209, 163-170, 10.1016/j.cpc.2016.08.020.

References for specific features

If you have used specific elements of the software you might also like to cite: [2] - GPU accelerated solver; [3] - soil modelling, rough surfaces; [4] - dispersive materials; [5] - advanced features of the RIPML; [6, 7] - GPR antenna models; [9] - subgridding; [10] - step-frequency continuous-wave (SFCW) radar systems. If you wish to reference the development history of gprMax you can also cite [8].

  1. Warren, C., Giannopoulos, A., Gray, A., Giannakis, I., Patterson, A., Wetter, L., & Hamrah, A. (2018). A CUDA-based GPU engine for gprMax: Open source FDTD electromagnetic simulation software, Computer Physics Communications, 237, 208-218, 10.1016/j.cpc.2018.11.007.
  2. Giannakis, I., Giannopoulos, A., Warren, C. (2016). A Realistic FDTD Numerical Modeling Framework of Ground Penetrating Radar for Landmine Detection. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 9(1), 37-51, 10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2468597.
  3. Giannakis, I., Giannopoulos, A. (2014). A Novel Piecewise Linear Recursive Convolution Approach for Dispersive Media Using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 62(5), 2669-2678, 10.1109/TAP.2014.2308549.
  4. Giannopoulos, A. (2012). Unsplit Implementation of Higher Order PMLs. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 60(3), 1479-1485, 10.1109/TAP.2011.2180344.
  5. Warren, C., Giannopoulos, A. (2011). Creating finite-difference time-domain models of commercial ground-penetrating radar antennas using Taguchi's optimization method. Geophysics, 76(2), G37-G47, 10.1190/1.3548506.
  6. Giannakis, I., Giannopoulos, A., Warren, C. (2018). Realistic FDTD GPR antenna models optimised using a novel linear/non-linear Full Waveform Inversion. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience & Remote Sensing, 207(3), 1768-1778, 10.1109/TGRS.2018.2869027.
  7. Giannopoulos, A. (2005). Modelling ground penetrating radar by GprMax, Construction and Building Materials, 19(10), 755-762, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.06.007.
  8. Hartley, J., Giannopoulos, A., Davidson, N. (2022). Switched Huygens Subgridding for the FDTD Method. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 70(8), 6872-6882, 10.1109/TAP.2022.3161371.
  9. Giannopoulos, A., Warren, C., Giannakis, I. (2023). Efficient finite-difference time-domain simulation of step-frequency continuous-wave ground penetrating radar systems. In NSG2023 29th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 1-5, 10.3997/2214-4609.202320168.

Also available: PhD theses of the development team.

Research using gprMax

Publications citing references [1], [2] and [8], excluding author self-citations — extracted from Scopus on 27-08-2026. Applications span engineering, geophysics, archaeology, antennas and microwave, and medicine.

Subjects are approximate, inferred from paper titles and journals.